Substance. There are two main types of substances in the universe in Jain belief:

• jīva – non-material, sentient substance
• ajīva – substance without soul.

The second type is divided into pudgala – non-sentient matter – and the non-material substances of:

• ākāśa – space
• dharma-dravya – principle of motion
• adharma-dravya – principle of rest
• kāla – time.

The last is not always included in this category.