A subgroup of passions or emotions – kaṣāyas – that must be eliminated to reach liberation from the cycle of rebirths. Traditionally, there are nine:

• hāsya – laughter
• rati – sensual pleasure
• arati – sensual displeasure
• śoka – sorrow
• bhaya – fear
• jugupsā – disgust
• veda – sexual craving
• puṃ-veda – sexual desire for a woman
• strī-veda – sexual desire fora man
• napuṃsaka-veda – sexual desire for both men and women.