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                  Home  » Manuscript Home » Triṣaṣṭi-śalākā-puruṣa-caritra (Beta 1689) » Text

                  Triṣaṣṭi-śalākā-puruṣa-caritra (Beta 1689)

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                  Abhidhāna-cintāmaṇi with Nāmasāroddhāra commentary (Or. 13806)

                  Aḍhāī-dvīpa

                  Aḍhāī-dvīpa (069.001)

                  Aḍhāī-dvīpa (575181i)

                  Aḍhāī-dvīpa (Add. Or. 1812)

                  Aḍhāī-dvīpa (Add. Or. 1813)

                  Aḍhāī-dvīpa (Add. Or. 1814)

                  Aḍhāī-dvīpa (Circ. 91-1970)

                  Aḍhāī-dvīpa (IS 6565)

                  Aḍhāī-dvīpa (Or. 13294)

                  Aḍhāī-dvīpa (Or. 13937)

                  Ādityavāra-kathā (Or. 14290)

                  Āvaśyaka-niryukti (Or. 13550)

                  Āvaśyaka-niryukti (Or. 13786)

                  Āvaśyaka-niryukti (Or. 2105 ms. C)

                  Text starts – Ṛṣabha meditating

                  Bhaktāmara-stotra (Or. 13478)

                  Bhaktāmara-stotra (Or. 13741)

                  Br̥haccūrṇivyākhyā (Or. 1386)

                  Caturviṃśati-stava (Or. 13623)

                  Cosmic man (Or. 13974)

                  Ḍholā-Marū and Madhavanala kī copaī (Or. 14687)

                  Fragments of Jain manuscripts (Or. 13950)

                  Jambū-dvīpa-prajnapti-sūtra (MS. Ind. Inst. Sansk. 109)

                  Jasahara-cariu (Beta 1471)

                  Jina images (Add. 26519)

                  Jīta-kalpa-sūtra (Or. 1385)

                  Jnātadharma-kathā (Prakrit d. 4)

                  Kālakācārya-kathā (Beta 365)

                  Kālakācārya-kathā (Or. 13475)

                  Kalpa-sūtra (Gamma 453)

                  Śakra’s thoughts

                  Kalpa-sūtra (IM 06-1931)

                  Text

                  Kalpa-sūtra (IM 07-1931)

                  Birth of Mahāvīra

                  Kalpa-sūtra (IM 08-1931)

                  Text

                  Kalpa-sūtra (IM 09-1931)

                  Nemi decides not to marry

                  Kalpa-sūtra (IM 10-1931)

                  Mahāvīra plucks out his hair

                  Kalpa-sūtra (IM 11-1931)

                  A Jina’s omniscience and preaching

                  Kalpa-sūtra (IM 12-1931)

                  Text

                  Kalpa-sūtra (IM 161-1914)

                  Kalpa-sūtra (IS 46-1959)

                  Text

                  Kalpa-sūtra (IS 83-1963)

                  Section on Mahāvīra

                  Kalpa-sūtra (IS 84-1963)

                  Auto Draft

                  Kalpa-sūtra (Or. 11921)

                  Kalpa-sūtra (Or. 12744)

                  Section on Mahāvīra

                  Kalpa-sūtra (Or. 13341)

                  Section on Mahāvīra

                  Kalpa-sūtra (Or. 13342)

                  First page – floral decoration

                  Kalpa-sūtra (Or. 13700)

                  Kalpa-sūtra (Or. 13959)

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                  Kalpa-sūtra (Or. 14262)

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                  Kalpa-sūtra (Or. 5149)

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                  Kalpa-sūtra and Kālakācārya-kathā (I.O. San. 3177)

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                  Kalpa-sūtra and Kālakācārya-kathā (Tod MS 34)

                  Blank first page of Kalpa-sūtra

                  Kalpa-sūtra with Gujarati commentary (Or. 13701)

                  Auto Draft

                  Kalpa-sūtra with Sanskrit commentary (Gamma 3)

                  First page with library stamps

                  Kalpa-sūtra with Sanskrit glosses (Or. 13455)

                  Auto Draft

                  Karma-kāṇḍa with Persian commentary (MS. Wilson 262)

                  Laghu-kṣetra-samāsa with Gujarāti commentary (Add. 26374)

                  Homage to Sarasvatī

                  Līlāvatī (Or. 13457)

                  Last page – colophon

                  Mahāniśītha-sūtra (Prakrit d. 18)

                  Auto Draft

                  Mandala with 24 Jinas (Or. 13472)

                  Manuscript cover of the 14 dreams

                  Manuscript cover (IS 20-1978)

                  Fourteen auspicious dreams

                  Manuscript cover (IS 50-1983)

                  Head of a man surrounded by text

                  Medicine and karma (Beta 1469)

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                  Personification of a planet (Circ. 325-1972)

                  Personification of a planet

                  Personification of a planet (Circ. 326-1972)

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                  Praśnottara or Dharma-ratnākara (Or. 2136 ms. B)

                  Sanskrit hymn in 25 stanzas

                  Ratnākara-panca-viṃśatikā (Or. 15633/197)

                  Blank first page of Śālibhadra-caupaī

                  Śālibhadra-caupaī (Or. 13524)

                  Auto Draft

                  Saṃgrahaṇī and Karma-granthas (Or. 2137 ms. B)

                  Blank page – British Library stamp

                  Saṃgrahaṇī-ratna - Dharmameru's commentary (Or. 13456)

                  Seven armies of the Bhavanavāsin king

                  Saṃgrahaṇī-ratna (IS 2-1984)

                  Opening page – floral decoration

                  Saṃgrahaṇī-ratna (Or. 13454)

                  Saṃgrahaṇī-ratna or Trailokyadīpikā (IS 35-1971)

                  Saṃgrahaṇī-ratna with Gujarati commentary (Or. 2116 ms. C)

                  Palm of the hand

                  Sāmudrika-śāstra (Add. 26,461)

                  First page with peacocks

                  Ṣaṣṭiśataka with Sanskrit commentary (Or. 13179)

                  Seven Chakras of the Subtle Body

                  Seven Chakras of the Subtle Body (Circ. 321-1972)

                  Siddhāntālāpaka (Or. 2137 ms. A)

                  Snakes and ladders

                  Snakes and ladders (Circ. 324-1972)

                  Śrāddhavidhi-viniścaya (Or. 2120 ms. B)

                  Modern page – shelfmark and provenance

                  Śrīpāla-kathā (Or. 2126 ms. A)

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                  Śrīpāla-rāsa and Gujarati commentary (Or. 13622)

                  Sūri-mantra-paṭa (065.001)

                  Tattva-bodha-prakaraṇa (Or. 2112 ms. B)

                  Paper manuscript cover

                  Triṣaṣṭi-śalākā-puruṣa-caritra (Beta 1689)

                  A universal gathering and monastic discipline

                  Uttarādhyayana-sūtra (IS 2-1972)

                  Auto Draft

                  Uttarādhyayana-sūtra (Or. 13362)

                  Indrabhūti Gautama

                  Uttarādhyayana-sūtra (Or. 13476)

                  Final colophon

                  Uttarādhyayana-sūtra (Prakrit c.1)

                  Victory banner

                  Victory banner (IM 89-1936)

                  Vijñapti-patra (Or. 16192)

                  Title page

                  Vītarāga-stotra with commentary (MS. Sansk. d. 317)

                  Viveka-vilāsa (Or. 2136 ms. A)

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                  Yati-pratikramaṇa with commentary (MS. Sansk. d. 310)

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                  Background

                  Written in Sanskrit verses in the 12th century by the scholar monk Hemacandra, the Triṣaṣṭi-śalākā-puruṣa-caritra – Lives of the 63 Illustrious Great Men – is a key Śvetāmbara work. It is the standard version of the legends of the 24 Jinas, 12 Cakravartins, 9 Bala-devas, 9 Vāsu-devas and 9 Prativāsu-devas. Ten books long, it is a large epic comparable to the Hindu Purāṇas in its perspective. 

                  There are manuscripts comprising copies of all ten books. Some of these books, however, have an independent life. The best-known instances are the first one, which tells the life of the first Jina, Ṛṣabha, and the last one, which recounts the life of the last Jina, Mahāvīra. The seventh book, which provides what can be called a Jain Rāmāyaṇa, also forms a unit of its own. This is the text found in this manuscript.

                  Several Jain authors have given their version of the Jain Rāmāyaṇa in Prakrit or Sanskrit since the beginning of the common era. The originality of the Jain Rāmāyaṇa is that all the main heroes of the epic are integrated within the frame of Jain mythology – what Western scholars call 'Universal History'. In Hemacandra’s words, it starts:

                  Herein are related the lives of Baladeva Padma, of Viṣṇu Nārāyaṇa, and of Prativiṣṇu Rāvaṇa, whose births took place in the congregation of Śrī Suvrata Svāmin whose complexion was the color of antimony, the moon of the Hari-line

                  Johnson 

                  1954, page 107

                  The introduction underlines the following points about the Jain Rāmāyaṇa:

                  • the heroes are contemporaries of Munisuvrata, the 20th Jina
                  • the main heroes are connected with the last three groups of the illustrious men of Jain mythology since Rāma is a Baladeva, Lakṣmaṇa a Vāsudeva and Rāvaṇa a Prativāsudeva
                  • Rāvaṇa’s main enemy is Lakṣmaṇa, not Rāma as in the Hindu Rāmāyaṇa, and since Lakṣmaṇa is the one who kills Rāma he and Rāvaṇa form a pair of enemies
                  • Rāma is known as Padma, which is visible in the titles of many Jain Rāmāyaṇas, such as the first known version, the Prakrit-language Pauma-cariya by Vimala-sūri, the Sanskrit Padma-carita and the Pauma-cariu in Apabhraṃśa.

                  Beside these main points, other specific features about the Jain Rāmāyaṇa are that:

                  • the rākṣasas are not demons or ogres, but are vidyādharas – figures with magic powers – who can be converted to Jain teachings
                  • all the heroes are subject to the principle of rebirth
                  • the authors of several versions attack the inconsistencies, fantasies or irrationalities in the legends of the Rāmāyaṇas that 'others' have written in prologues given a rather ironical tone
                  • episodes implying murder, violenceand so on are either suppressed or transformed.

                  The result is that Jain Rāmāyaṇas are manifestos of Jainism through both the ways in which the stories are told and the discussions of Jain principles inserted in the tales. Since the heroes are Jain devotees or observe Jain ethical principles, the atmosphere is totally different from the Hindu Rāmāyaṇas.

                  In this manuscript Hemacandra’s Jaina Rāmāyaṇa is divided into ten chapters as follows:

                  Chapters of Hemacandra’s Jaina Rāmāyaṇa

                  Chapter number

                  Chapter title

                  Ends on this manuscript page

                  1

                  Origin of the rākṣasas’ lineage and of the monkeys’ lineage

                  6 verso

                  2

                  Rāvaṇa’s expedition of conquest

                  27 verso

                  3

                  Hanuman’s birth and Varuṇa’s subjection

                  35 verso

                  4

                  The birth, marriage and retreat to the forest of Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa

                  53 recto

                  5

                  The kidnapping of Sītā

                  68 verso

                  6

                  Bringing news of Sītā

                  82 verso

                  7

                  The killing of Rāvaṇa

                  96 recto

                  8

                  The abandonment of Sītā

                  107 verso

                  9

                  Sītā’s purification and taking of the vow

                  115 verso

                  10

                  Rāma’s emancipation

                  124 verso

                  Glossary

                    • Source:

                      Wellcome Trust Library

                    • Shelfmark:

                      Beta 1689

                    • Author:

                      Hemacandra

                    • Date of creation:

                      1601

                    • Folio number:

                      20 recto

                    • Total number of folios:

                      124

                    • Place of creation:

                      Piṇḍīnagara, north India

                    • Language:

                      Sanskrit

                    • Medium:

                      paper

                    • Size:

                      25 x 10.5 cm

                    • Copyright:

                      Wellcome Library, London

                    • Image Copyright:

                      Creative Commons Public Domain

                    Triṣaṣṭi-śalākā-puruṣa-caritra (Beta 1689)

                    Text

                    • Source:

                      Wellcome Trust Library

                    • Shelfmark:

                      Beta 1689

                    • Author:

                      Hemacandra

                    • Date of creation:

                      1601

                    • Folio number:

                      20 recto

                    • Total number of folios:

                      124

                    • Place of creation:

                      Piṇḍīnagara, north India

                    • Language:

                      Sanskrit

                    • Medium:

                      paper

                    • Size:

                      25 x 10.5 cm

                    • Copyright:

                      Wellcome Library, London

                    • Image Copyright:

                      Creative Commons Public Domain

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                    Please consider the environment before printing
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                      • bBright fortnight
                      • bBritish Raj
                      • bBuddha
                      • bBuddhi-sagar
                      • bBuddhism
                      • bBuddhist
                      • cCaitya
                      • cCaityavāsin
                      • cCakravartin
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                      • cCāmara
                      • cCandanā
                      • cCandragupta
                      • cCandraprabha
                      • cCanon
                      • cCāritra
                      • cCāritramohanīya-karman
                      • cCarũrī
                      • cCaste
                      • cCaturvidha-saṅgha
                      • cCaturviṃśati-stava
                      • cCāturyāma
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                      • cCosmology
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                      • cCrore
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                      • dDādā-guru
                      • dDalit
                      • dDāna
                      • dDaṇḍa
                      • dDark fortnight
                      • dDarśana
                      • dDarśanamohanī-yakarman
                      • dDaśa-lakṣaṇa-parvan
                      • dDeity
                      • dDelhi Sultanate
                      • dDerāsar
                      • dDeśāvakāśika-vrata
                      • dDetachment
                      • dDevanāgarī
                      • dDevānandā
                      • dDevarddhi-gani
                      • dDevotee
                      • dDhamal
                      • dDhanuṣ
                      • dDhāra
                      • dDharma
                      • dDharma-dhyāna
                      • dDharma-sāgara
                      • dDharmastikaya
                      • dDhātakīkhaṇḍa
                      • dDholak
                      • dDhyāna
                      • dDiaspora
                      • dDig-vrata
                      • dDigambara
                      • dDīkṣā
                      • dDisciple
                      • dDīvālī
                      • dDivya-dhvani
                      • dDNA
                      • dDoctrine
                      • dDogma
                      • dDonor
                      • dDoṣa
                      • dDravya
                      • dDravya-pūjā
                      • dDrone
                      • dDuṣamā
                      • dDuṣamā-duṣamā
                      • dDuṣamā-suṣamā
                      • dDveṣa
                      • dDvīpa
                      • eEast India Company
                      • eEightfold Path
                      • eEkānta-vāda
                      • eEkendriya
                      • eElder
                      • eElders
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                      • eEtc up to
                      • fFarmān
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                      • gGaccha
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                      • gGaṇin
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                      • gGarbha
                      • gGarbha-gṛha
                      • gGaruḍa
                      • gGati
                      • gGene
                      • gGenomics
                      • gGhātī-yakarman
                      • gGhātīya
                      • gGhaznavid
                      • gGhiyasuddin Tughlaq
                      • gGhurid
                      • gGloss
                      • gGotra-karma
                      • gGujarāt
                      • gGujarati
                      • gGuṇa
                      • gGuṇa-sthāna
                      • gGuṇa-vrata
                      • gGupti
                      • gGuru
                      • gGuruṇī
                      • hHagiography
                      • hHajj
                      • hHaṃsa
                      • hHaribhadra
                      • hHariṇaigameṣin
                      • hHasta
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                      • hHindi
                      • hHindu
                      • hHinduism
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                      • hHoroscope
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                      • iIconoclasm
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                      • iIdol
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                      • jJñānsundar
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                      • kKāla
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                      • kKarmon
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                      • kKnowledge
                      • kKriyā
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                      • kKṛṣṇa
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                      • kKṣapakaśreṇi
                      • kKṣatriya
                      • kKṣullaka
                      • kKulakara
                      • kKundakunda
                      • kKunthu
                      • lLabdhi
                      • lLaity
                      • lLakh
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                      • lLands of Action
                      • lLaukāntika
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                      • lLiṅga
                      • lLinguistics
                      • lLoka
                      • lLoka-ākāśa
                      • lLoka-puruṣa
                      • lLoka-vāda
                      • lLotus
                      • lLotus lake
                      • mMadhya-loka
                      • mMahā-videha
                      • mMahā-vrata
                      • mMahābhārata
                      • mMahāmastakābhiṣeka
                      • mMāhārāṣṭra
                      • mMāhārāṣṭrī Prākrit
                      • mMahattarā Yākinī
                      • mMahāvīr Jayantī
                      • mMahāvīra
                      • mMakāra
                      • mMakkhali Gośāla
                      • mMalli
                      • mMāna-stambha
                      • mManaḥ-paryāya-jñāna
                      • mMaṇḍala
                      • mMaṇḍapa
                      • mMandit
                      • mMaṅgala
                      • mMantra
                      • mMantras
                      • mManuṣya-loka
                      • mMarāṭhī
                      • mMārgaṇā
                      • mMartyr
                      • mMarudevī
                      • mMaṭha
                      • mMati-jñāna
                      • mMauryaputra
                      • mMecca
                      • mMendicant lineage
                      • mMetarya
                      • mMiracle
                      • mMithyādṛṣṭi
                      • mMohandas Gandhi
                      • mMohanīya-karma
                      • mMokṣa
                      • mMonastic order
                      • mMonasticism
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                      • mMonotheism
                      • mMosque
                      • mMount Meru
                      • mMount Sammeta
                      • mMṛgāvatī
                      • mMughal
                      • mMuhammad
                      • mMuhammad bin Tughlaq
                      • mMuhpattī
                      • mMūla-sūtra
                      • mMūlaguṇa
                      • mMumbaī
                      • mMuni
                      • mMunisuvrata
                      • mMurad Bakhsh
                      • mMūrti-pūjaka
                      • mMuslim
                      • mMysticism
                      • nNābhi
                      • nNāga-kal
                      • nNāgapurīya Tapā-gaccha
                      • nNāgarī
                      • nNāma-karma
                      • nNamaskāra-mantra
                      • nNami
                      • nNandīśvara-dvīpa
                      • nNandivardhana
                      • nNandyāvarta
                      • nNāraka
                      • nNāraki
                      • nNasalisation
                      • nNātha
                      • nNavrātrī
                      • nNaya-vāda
                      • nNemi
                      • nNidāna
                      • nniggaṃthāṇa vā 2
                      • nniggaṃtho vā 2
                      • nNigoda
                      • nNihnava
                      • nNikṣepa
                      • nNirgrantha
                      • nNirjarā
                      • nNirvāṇa
                      • nNiryukti
                      • nNiṣidhi
                      • nNitya
                      • nNiyati
                      • nNo-kaṣāya
                      • nNudity
                      • nNun
                      • oOcean of milk
                      • oOmniscience
                      • oOrdination
                      • ppa°
                      • pPadmaprabha
                      • pPadmāsana
                      • pPadmāvatī
                      • pPādukā
                      • pPalanquin
                      • pPalette
                      • pPañca-muṣṭi
                      • pPāṇḍava
                      • pPaṇḍit
                      • pPandit Dalsukh D. Malvania
                      • pPandit Sukhlalji
                      • pPāṇipātra
                      • pPāpa
                      • pParamātman
                      • pParameṣṭhin
                      • pPāraṇā
                      • pParigraha
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                      • pParīṣaha
                      • pParokṣa
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                      • pParyāya
                      • pParyuṣaṇ
                      • pPaṭa
                      • pPatan
                      • pPātra
                      • pPenance
                      • pPersian
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                      • pPhilology
                      • pPicchikā
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                      • pPrabhas
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                      • pPradeśa
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                      • pPrākrit
                      • pPramāda
                      • pPramukhā
                      • pPrati-vāsudeva
                      • pPratikramaṇa
                      • pPratimā
                      • pPratiṣṭhā
                      • pPratyākhyāna
                      • pPratyakṣa
                      • pPravacana
                      • pPrāyaścitta
                      • pPrayer
                      • pPre-modern
                      • pPreach
                      • pPredestination
                      • pProtestant
                      • pProvenance
                      • pPudgala
                      • pPūjā
                      • pPujārī
                      • pPukharavara-dvīpa
                      • pPuṇya
                      • pPūrva
                      • pPuṣkara-dvīpa
                      • pPuṣpadanta
                      • pPyre
                      • qQur’an
                      • rRāga
                      • rRāhu
                      • rRainy season
                      • rRajasthan
                      • rRajasthani
                      • rRājimatī
                      • rRajoharaṇa
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                      • rRāmāyaṇa
                      • rRangoli
                      • rRās-garbā
                      • rRasa
                      • rRathanemi
                      • rRatna-traya
                      • rRātri-bhojana
                      • rRaudra-dhyāna
                      • rRecto
                      • rRelic
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                      • rRetroflex
                      • rRevatī
                      • %Ṛg-veda
                      • rRite
                      • rRosary
                      • %Ṛṣabha
                      • %Ṛṣabhanātha
                      • rRupee
                      • sSaciyā Mātā
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                      • sShah Jahan
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                      • sŚruta-pañcamī
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                      • sSthāvara
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                      • sSubcontinent
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                      • sSudharma
                      • sŚūdra
                      • sSufism
                      • sSukha
                      • sŚukla-dhyāna
                      • sSulasā
                      • sSultan
                      • sSumati
                      • sSundarśrī
                      • sSupārśva
                      • sSūri
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                      • sSuṣamā-duṣamā
                      • sSuṣamā-suṣamā
                      • sSūtra
                      • sSuyam me ausam! Tenam bhagavaya evamakkhayam
                      • sSvādhyāya
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                      • sŚvetāmbara
                      • sŚvetāmbara Terāpanthin
                      • sŚvetāmbaras
                      • sSwan
                      • sSyād-vāda
                      • tTabla
                      • tTantra
                      • tTapā-gaccha
                      • tTapas
                      • tTāraṇ Svāmī Panth
                      • tTattva
                      • tTattvārtha-sūtra
                      • tTemple
                      • tTemple-city
                      • tThe Enlightenment
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                      • tThree worlds
                      • %Ṭīkā
                      • tTilaka
                      • tTīrtha
                      • tTīrthaṃkaranāma-karman
                      • tTīrthankara
                      • tTransliteration
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                      • tTrasa-nāḍī
                      • tTriśalā
                      • tTriṣaṣṭi-śalākā-puruṣa-caritra
                      • tTti bemi
                      • tTughlaq
                      • tTunk
                      • uUdumbara
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                      • uUttarādhyayana-sūtra
                      • vVāhana
                      • vVaimānika
                      • vVairāgya
                      • vVaiṣṇava
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                      • vVeda
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                      • vVegetarianism
                      • vVehicle
                      • vVernacular
                      • vVerso
                      • vVidyā
                      • vVidyā-devī
                      • vVihāra
                      • vVijñapti-patra
                      • vVikrama-saṃvat
                      • vVikṛti
                      • vVimala
                      • vVinaya
                      • vVipāka
                      • vVirji Vora
                      • vVirodhaja
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                      • vVisarga
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                      • vVow
                      • vVrata
                      • vVS
                      • vVyakta
                      • vVyantara
                      • vVyasana
                      • yYakṣa
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                      • yYaśoda
                      • yYaśovijaya
                      • yYati
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