Doctrine of philosophical viewpoints, partial expression of truth or estimate of a reality from a given angle. Related to anekānta-vāda. There are seven different viewpoints listed in the Tattvārtha-sūtra.

The Digambara thinker Kundakunda distinguishes between:

• the conventional view – vyavahāra-naya
• the unconventional or absolute view – niścaya-naya.