This is the traditional representation of the world inhabited by human beings in Jain cosmology. It is made up of alternate concentric rings of continents, mountains and oceans.

Like any map, this one has captions, which are of two types:

• geographical features, for example nadī for 'river'

• proper names, for example Harīsalīlā and Harīkaṃtā are names of rivers while Vaitāḍhya is the name of a mountain.

Each part of the Jain world has named rivers, mountains, towns, caves and so on. Since symmetry and repetition are two of the major organising principles of the Jain world, the names are often the same in different regions.

Two and A Half Continents

The outermost red ring is a mountain range called Mānuṣottara. It symbolises the limit beyond which human beings cannot live.

The two thick black rings represent two oceans. The innermost one is the ocean called Lavaṇa-samudra or 'Salt Ocean'. The second one is Kālodadhi or 'Black-Water Ocean'.

The three spaces in between these three rings form the human world, which is called Aḍhāī-dvīpa or 'Two and A Half Continents'. Starting from the centre, they are:

• Jambū-dvīpa or 'Rose-apple Tree Island'
• Dhātakikhaṇḍa
• Puṣkara-dvīpa or 'Lotus Island', half of which is in the world of humans while half is the other side of the mountain range marked by the red circle. This is why the complete map of the human world is called 'Two and A Half Continents'.

The thick red vertical line divides the Dhātakīkhaṇḍa and the Puṣkara-dvīpa into two halves, eastern and western. The four segments of this line on land represent a mountain range known as Iṣvākāra or 'Arrow Shaped' because it is perfectly straight. Its name is written on the lowest segment.

The five yellow disks going horizontally across the centre represent the central mountain called Mount Meru. The Jambū-dvīpa has one in its middle while both the two other continents have identical Mount Merus in each half.

Either side of each Mount Meru are two semicircles, one indicated by a green and yellow line, the other by a red and white line. They are the boundaries of two regions. The northern one is called Uttara-kuru, the southern one Deva-kuru. These regions are the Lands of Enjoyment, where people get all they need from 'wishing trees' – kalpa-vṛkṣas – and do not need to make any effort. Couples made up of twin boys and girls live in the Lands of Enjoyment.

Jambū-dvīpa

The first continent, in the centre, is Jambū-dvīpa. It is divided into parts separated by mountain ranges.

From north to south there are eight mountain ranges. They are shown as double horizontal lines as they cross the Jambū-dvīpa from east to west. Here, the first and eighth are not coloured. The second, sixth and seventh are coloured in yellow. The most conspicuous on all maps are the fourth and fifth, respectively always green and red.

The names of all these mountains are not given in this map, but they are well known among Jains. Between these mountain ranges are seven regions. From north to south, the mountains and regions separating them are listed in the table.

Mountain ranges and regions of Jambū-dvīpa

	Mountain ranges	Regions
1	Vaitāḍhya	Airāvata
2	Śikharin	Hairaṇyavata – identified on the map
3	Rukmin	Ramyaka – identified on the map
4	Nīla	Mahā-videha – see below
5	Niṣadha	Harivarṣa
6	Mahā-himavant	Haimavata
7	Himavant	Bharata – identified on the map
8	Vaitāḍhya

Across the centre of Jambū is a large rectangular strip marked out by a green line in the north – the Nīla mountain range – and a red one in the south – the Niṣadha mountain range. This is the Mahā-videha with Mount Meru at its centre. The Mahā-videha is a land of wonders, where Universal Monarchs go and where Jinas preach.

The Mahā-videha is divided into 32 provinces, distributed as eight groups of four, equally in the north-east, south-east, north-west and south-west. They are always shown as small rectangles, like here.

Lavaṇa-samudra

The first ocean, starting from the centre, is the thick black ring around Jambū. Called Lavaṇa-samudra, it has one pot in each of the four directions. These are the 'great receptacles' – pātāla-kalaśa – that cause the tides.

There are two horizontal yellow lines ending with double hook shapes shown in the north and south of this ocean. These are two mountain chains that end with double pairs of 'tusks' jutting out into Lavaṇa-samudra. These tusks carry the 56 islands known as Antara-dvīpas. The islands are divided into seven groups of eight, although they are not shown on this map.

Everywhere on this map, small black rectangles represent lakes from which a multitude of rivers flow and irrigate the land. Small yellow circles are the islands of the moons and the suns, which vary in number from place to place.