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                  Background

                  The Praśnottara – Answers to Questions – or Dharma-ratnākara – Ocean of Jewels of the Dharma – is a Śvetāmbara sectarian work, the main concern of which is to refute practices typical of rival monastic orders. Such works emerged parallel to the rise of numerous gacchas from the 12th century onwards. Their subjects are Jain ethics and its principles. These are openly or covertly discussed with the aim of assessing their truth or validity when viewed as part of the contests between different groups. The differences between these gacchas are mainly of practice. The authors of such works largely draw on textual references to show that the practices they defend are rooted in the tradition, and that those of their rivals are innovations coming out of the blue. They usually proceed in two stages:

                  1. proving wrong their rivals’ practices
                  2. establishing – pratiṣṭhā or siddhi – the practice they consider valid.

                  The alternative titles of the work underline this twofold process of argumentation.

                  Composed in 1627 CE (1684 VS), this work provides a hitherto missing link in the 16th-century controversies surrounding the official hierarchy of the Tapāgaccha and the dissident group led by the scholar mendicant Dharma-sāgara. Originally a disciple of the Tapāgaccha leader Hīravijaya-sūri, Dharma-sāgara separated from him and became a highly controversial figure. Dharma-sāgara died in 1596–97 (1653–54 VS), but the controversies continued after his death, as this work shows. Dharma-sāgara formed his own group, who became known as the 'Sāgara Group'. Śruta-sāgara, the author of this work, was one of them.

                  The Praśnottara is an answer to the ‘36 statements’ – jalpa or bola written in Gujarati by Soma-vijaya, who died in 1639–40 CE (1696–97 VS). Soma-vijaya represented the official Tapāgaccha hierarchy and position. Śruta-sāgara undertakes a systematic refutation of each point Soma-vijaya argues. Each of the 36 statements in his work starts with exactly the words or the phrases Soma-vijaya uses. The points of contention relate to:

                  • problems connected with non-violence in the case of the omniscient being
                  • the harmful or non-harmful character of certain karmas
                  • issues of mythology or ethics
                  • practice relating to worship, dating of festivals and so on.

                  The answers to the 36 statements can be found in this manuscript as follows:

                  36 answers and folio numbers

                  36 answers

                  Folio detail

                  Number 1

                  starts on folio 1 verso

                  Number 2

                  ends on folio 27 recto line 9

                  Number 3

                  starts on folio 27 recto line 9

                  Number 4

                  starts on folio 28 recto line 4

                  Number 5

                  starts on folio 32 recto line 1

                  Number 6

                  starts on folio 36 verso line 5

                  Number 7

                  starts on folio 49 recto

                  Number 8

                  starts on folio 53 recto line 2

                  Number 9

                  ends on folio 55 verso line 2

                  Number 10

                  starts on folio 55 verso line 2

                  Number 11

                  starts on folio 55 verso line 14

                  Number 12

                  starts on folio 59 recto line 5

                  Number 13

                  starts on folio 59 verso line 5

                  Number 14

                  starts on folio 60 recto line 15

                  Number 15

                  starts on folio 62 recto line 1

                  Number 16

                  starts on folio 63 recto line 11

                  Number 17

                  starts on folio 63 verso line 11

                  Number 18

                  starts on folio 64 recto line 4

                  Number 19

                  starts on folio 64 recto line 11

                  Number 20

                  starts on folio 64 verso line 6

                  Number 21

                  starts on folio 65 verso line 13

                  Number 22

                  starts on folio 66 recto line 11

                  Number 23

                  starts on folio 66 verso line 7

                  Number 24

                  starts on folio 68 recto line 11

                  Number 25

                  starts on folio 68 verso line 11

                  Number 26

                  starts on folio 69 verso line 1

                  Number 27

                  starts on folio 70 verso line 15

                  Number 28

                  starts on folio 71 recto line 6

                  Number 29

                  starts on folio 71 verso line 2

                  Number 30

                  starts on folio 71 verso line 17

                  Number 31

                  starts on folio 72 recto line 6

                  Number 32

                  starts on folio 72 verso line 2

                  Number 33

                  starts on folio 72 verso line 7

                  Number 34

                  starts on folio 72 verso line 15

                  Number 35

                  starts on folio 73 recto line 5

                  Number 36

                  starts on folio 73 verso line 9


                  Efforts to trace references to this work and other manuscripts of the text have come to nothing. The British Library manuscript is precious because it seems to be unique. It deserves a full exploration, which Nalini Balbir plans to prepare. It should help in reconstructing the textual history of controversies and Śvetāmbara sectarian polemics in the 17th century.

                  Glossary

                    • Source:

                      The British Library Board

                    • Shelfmark:

                      Or. 2136 ms. B

                    • Author:

                      Śruta-sāgara

                    • Date of creation:

                      16th century

                    • Folio number:

                      45 verso

                    • Total number of folios:

                      76

                    • Place of creation:

                      western India

                    • Language:

                      Sanskrit

                    • Medium:

                      paper

                    • Size:

                      25.9 x 11.5 cms

                    • Copyright:

                      CC0 1.0 (Creative Commons Public Domain)

                    • Image Copyright:

                      Creative Commons Public Domain

                    Text

                    • Source:

                      The British Library Board

                    • Shelfmark:

                      Or. 2136 ms. B

                    • Author:

                      Śruta-sāgara

                    • Date of creation:

                      16th century

                    • Folio number:

                      45 verso

                    • Total number of folios:

                      76

                    • Place of creation:

                      western India

                    • Language:

                      Sanskrit

                    • Medium:

                      paper

                    • Size:

                      25.9 x 11.5 cms

                    • Copyright:

                      CC0 1.0 (Creative Commons Public Domain)

                    • Image Copyright:

                      Creative Commons Public Domain

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                      Related Article
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                      • Jain calendar
                      Related Manuscripts

                      The British Library Board Or. 2112 ms. B Haribhadra perhaps 15th century

                      The British Library Board Or. 2120 ms. B Harṣabhūṣaṇa-gaṇi perhaps 15th to 16th centuries

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