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                  Home  » Manuscript Home » Praśnottara or Dharma-ratnākara (Or. 2136 ms. B) » Text

                  Praśnottara or Dharma-ratnākara (Or. 2136 ms. B)

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                  Abhidhāna-cintāmaṇi with Nāmasāroddhāra commentary (Or. 13806)

                  Aḍhāī-dvīpa

                  Aḍhāī-dvīpa (069.001)

                  Aḍhāī-dvīpa (575181i)

                  Aḍhāī-dvīpa (Add. Or. 1812)

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                  Aḍhāī-dvīpa (Add. Or. 1814)

                  Aḍhāī-dvīpa (Circ. 91-1970)

                  Aḍhāī-dvīpa (IS 6565)

                  Aḍhāī-dvīpa (Or. 13294)

                  Aḍhāī-dvīpa (Or. 13937)

                  Ādityavāra-kathā (Or. 14290)

                  Āvaśyaka-niryukti (Or. 13550)

                  Āvaśyaka-niryukti (Or. 13786)

                  Āvaśyaka-niryukti (Or. 2105 ms. C)

                  Text starts – Ṛṣabha meditating

                  Bhaktāmara-stotra (Or. 13478)

                  Bhaktāmara-stotra (Or. 13741)

                  Br̥haccūrṇivyākhyā (Or. 1386)

                  Caturviṃśati-stava (Or. 13623)

                  Cosmic man (Or. 13974)

                  Ḍholā-Marū and Madhavanala kī copaī (Or. 14687)

                  Fragments of Jain manuscripts (Or. 13950)

                  Jambū-dvīpa-prajnapti-sūtra (MS. Ind. Inst. Sansk. 109)

                  Jasahara-cariu (Beta 1471)

                  Jina images (Add. 26519)

                  Jīta-kalpa-sūtra (Or. 1385)

                  Jnātadharma-kathā (Prakrit d. 4)

                  Kālakācārya-kathā (Beta 365)

                  Kālakācārya-kathā (Or. 13475)

                  Kalpa-sūtra (Gamma 453)

                  Śakra’s thoughts

                  Kalpa-sūtra (IM 06-1931)

                  Text

                  Kalpa-sūtra (IM 07-1931)

                  Birth of Mahāvīra

                  Kalpa-sūtra (IM 08-1931)

                  Text

                  Kalpa-sūtra (IM 09-1931)

                  Nemi decides not to marry

                  Kalpa-sūtra (IM 10-1931)

                  Mahāvīra plucks out his hair

                  Kalpa-sūtra (IM 11-1931)

                  A Jina’s omniscience and preaching

                  Kalpa-sūtra (IM 12-1931)

                  Text

                  Kalpa-sūtra (IM 161-1914)

                  Kalpa-sūtra (IS 46-1959)

                  Text

                  Kalpa-sūtra (IS 83-1963)

                  Section on Mahāvīra

                  Kalpa-sūtra (IS 84-1963)

                  Auto Draft

                  Kalpa-sūtra (Or. 11921)

                  Kalpa-sūtra (Or. 12744)

                  Section on Mahāvīra

                  Kalpa-sūtra (Or. 13341)

                  Section on Mahāvīra

                  Kalpa-sūtra (Or. 13342)

                  First page – floral decoration

                  Kalpa-sūtra (Or. 13700)

                  Kalpa-sūtra (Or. 13959)

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                  Kalpa-sūtra (Or. 14262)

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                  Kalpa-sūtra (Or. 5149)

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                  Kalpa-sūtra and Kālakācārya-kathā (I.O. San. 3177)

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                  Kalpa-sūtra and Kālakācārya-kathā (Tod MS 34)

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                  Kalpa-sūtra with Gujarati commentary (Or. 13701)

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                  Kalpa-sūtra with Sanskrit commentary (Gamma 3)

                  First page with library stamps

                  Kalpa-sūtra with Sanskrit glosses (Or. 13455)

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                  Karma-kāṇḍa with Persian commentary (MS. Wilson 262)

                  Laghu-kṣetra-samāsa with Gujarāti commentary (Add. 26374)

                  Homage to Sarasvatī

                  Līlāvatī (Or. 13457)

                  Last page – colophon

                  Mahāniśītha-sūtra (Prakrit d. 18)

                  Auto Draft

                  Mandala with 24 Jinas (Or. 13472)

                  Manuscript cover of the 14 dreams

                  Manuscript cover (IS 20-1978)

                  Fourteen auspicious dreams

                  Manuscript cover (IS 50-1983)

                  Head of a man surrounded by text

                  Medicine and karma (Beta 1469)

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                  Personification of a planet (Circ. 325-1972)

                  Personification of a planet

                  Personification of a planet (Circ. 326-1972)

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                  Praśnottara or Dharma-ratnākara (Or. 2136 ms. B)

                  Sanskrit hymn in 25 stanzas

                  Ratnākara-panca-viṃśatikā (Or. 15633/197)

                  Blank first page of Śālibhadra-caupaī

                  Śālibhadra-caupaī (Or. 13524)

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                  Saṃgrahaṇī and Karma-granthas (Or. 2137 ms. B)

                  Blank page – British Library stamp

                  Saṃgrahaṇī-ratna - Dharmameru's commentary (Or. 13456)

                  Seven armies of the Bhavanavāsin king

                  Saṃgrahaṇī-ratna (IS 2-1984)

                  Opening page – floral decoration

                  Saṃgrahaṇī-ratna (Or. 13454)

                  Saṃgrahaṇī-ratna or Trailokyadīpikā (IS 35-1971)

                  Saṃgrahaṇī-ratna with Gujarati commentary (Or. 2116 ms. C)

                  Palm of the hand

                  Sāmudrika-śāstra (Add. 26,461)

                  First page with peacocks

                  Ṣaṣṭiśataka with Sanskrit commentary (Or. 13179)

                  Seven Chakras of the Subtle Body

                  Seven Chakras of the Subtle Body (Circ. 321-1972)

                  Siddhāntālāpaka (Or. 2137 ms. A)

                  Snakes and ladders

                  Snakes and ladders (Circ. 324-1972)

                  Śrāddhavidhi-viniścaya (Or. 2120 ms. B)

                  Modern page – shelfmark and provenance

                  Śrīpāla-kathā (Or. 2126 ms. A)

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                  Śrīpāla-rāsa and Gujarati commentary (Or. 13622)

                  Sūri-mantra-paṭa (065.001)

                  Tattva-bodha-prakaraṇa (Or. 2112 ms. B)

                  Paper manuscript cover

                  Triṣaṣṭi-śalākā-puruṣa-caritra (Beta 1689)

                  A universal gathering and monastic discipline

                  Uttarādhyayana-sūtra (IS 2-1972)

                  Auto Draft

                  Uttarādhyayana-sūtra (Or. 13362)

                  Indrabhūti Gautama

                  Uttarādhyayana-sūtra (Or. 13476)

                  Final colophon

                  Uttarādhyayana-sūtra (Prakrit c.1)

                  Victory banner

                  Victory banner (IM 89-1936)

                  Vijñapti-patra (Or. 16192)

                  Title page

                  Vītarāga-stotra with commentary (MS. Sansk. d. 317)

                  Viveka-vilāsa (Or. 2136 ms. A)

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                  Yati-pratikramaṇa with commentary (MS. Sansk. d. 310)

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                  Background

                  The Praśnottara – Answers to Questions – or Dharma-ratnākara – Ocean of Jewels of the Dharma – is a Śvetāmbara sectarian work, the main concern of which is to refute practices typical of rival monastic orders. Such works emerged parallel to the rise of numerous gacchas from the 12th century onwards. Their subjects are Jain ethics and its principles. These are openly or covertly discussed with the aim of assessing their truth or validity when viewed as part of the contests between different groups. The differences between these gacchas are mainly of practice. The authors of such works largely draw on textual references to show that the practices they defend are rooted in the tradition, and that those of their rivals are innovations coming out of the blue. They usually proceed in two stages:

                  1. proving wrong their rivals’ practices
                  2. establishing – pratiṣṭhā or siddhi – the practice they consider valid.

                  The alternative titles of the work underline this twofold process of argumentation.

                  Composed in 1627 CE (1684 VS), this work provides a hitherto missing link in the 16th-century controversies surrounding the official hierarchy of the Tapāgaccha and the dissident group led by the scholar mendicant Dharma-sāgara. Originally a disciple of the Tapāgaccha leader Hīravijaya-sūri, Dharma-sāgara separated from him and became a highly controversial figure. Dharma-sāgara died in 1596–97 (1653–54 VS), but the controversies continued after his death, as this work shows. Dharma-sāgara formed his own group, who became known as the 'Sāgara Group'. Śruta-sāgara, the author of this work, was one of them.

                  The Praśnottara is an answer to the ‘36 statements’ – jalpa or bola written in Gujarati by Soma-vijaya, who died in 1639–40 CE (1696–97 VS). Soma-vijaya represented the official Tapāgaccha hierarchy and position. Śruta-sāgara undertakes a systematic refutation of each point Soma-vijaya argues. Each of the 36 statements in his work starts with exactly the words or the phrases Soma-vijaya uses. The points of contention relate to:

                  • problems connected with non-violence in the case of the omniscient being
                  • the harmful or non-harmful character of certain karmas
                  • issues of mythology or ethics
                  • practice relating to worship, dating of festivals and so on.

                  The answers to the 36 statements can be found in this manuscript as follows:

                  36 answers and folio numbers

                  36 answers

                  Folio detail

                  Number 1

                  starts on folio 1 verso

                  Number 2

                  ends on folio 27 recto line 9

                  Number 3

                  starts on folio 27 recto line 9

                  Number 4

                  starts on folio 28 recto line 4

                  Number 5

                  starts on folio 32 recto line 1

                  Number 6

                  starts on folio 36 verso line 5

                  Number 7

                  starts on folio 49 recto

                  Number 8

                  starts on folio 53 recto line 2

                  Number 9

                  ends on folio 55 verso line 2

                  Number 10

                  starts on folio 55 verso line 2

                  Number 11

                  starts on folio 55 verso line 14

                  Number 12

                  starts on folio 59 recto line 5

                  Number 13

                  starts on folio 59 verso line 5

                  Number 14

                  starts on folio 60 recto line 15

                  Number 15

                  starts on folio 62 recto line 1

                  Number 16

                  starts on folio 63 recto line 11

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                  starts on folio 63 verso line 11

                  Number 18

                  starts on folio 64 recto line 4

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                  starts on folio 64 recto line 11

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                  Number 34

                  starts on folio 72 verso line 15

                  Number 35

                  starts on folio 73 recto line 5

                  Number 36

                  starts on folio 73 verso line 9


                  Efforts to trace references to this work and other manuscripts of the text have come to nothing. The British Library manuscript is precious because it seems to be unique. It deserves a full exploration, which Nalini Balbir plans to prepare. It should help in reconstructing the textual history of controversies and Śvetāmbara sectarian polemics in the 17th century.

                  Glossary

                    • Source:

                      The British Library Board

                    • Shelfmark:

                      Or. 2136 ms. B

                    • Author:

                      Śruta-sāgara

                    • Date of creation:

                      16th century

                    • Folio number:

                      40 recto

                    • Total number of folios:

                      76

                    • Place of creation:

                      western India

                    • Language:

                      Sanskrit

                    • Medium:

                      paper

                    • Size:

                      25.9 x 11.5 cms

                    • Copyright:

                      CC0 1.0 (Creative Commons Public Domain)

                    • Image Copyright:

                      Creative Commons Public Domain

                    Praśnottara or Dharma-ratnākara (Or. 2136 ms. B)

                    Text

                    • Source:

                      The British Library Board

                    • Shelfmark:

                      Or. 2136 ms. B

                    • Author:

                      Śruta-sāgara

                    • Date of creation:

                      16th century

                    • Folio number:

                      40 recto

                    • Total number of folios:

                      76

                    • Place of creation:

                      western India

                    • Language:

                      Sanskrit

                    • Medium:

                      paper

                    • Size:

                      25.9 x 11.5 cms

                    • Copyright:

                      CC0 1.0 (Creative Commons Public Domain)

                    • Image Copyright:

                      Creative Commons Public Domain

                    Please consider the environment before printing
                    Please consider the environment before printing
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                      • gGhātī-yakarman
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                      • gGujarāt
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                      • nNaya-vāda
                      • nNemi
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                      • nniggaṃthāṇa vā 2
                      • nniggaṃtho vā 2
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                      • nNihnava
                      • nNikṣepa
                      • nNirgrantha
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                      • nNiyati
                      • nNo-kaṣāya
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                      • nNun
                      • oOcean of milk
                      • oOmniscience
                      • oOrdination
                      • ppa°
                      • pPadmaprabha
                      • pPadmāsana
                      • pPadmāvatī
                      • pPādukā
                      • pPalanquin
                      • pPalette
                      • pPañca-muṣṭi
                      • pPāṇḍava
                      • pPaṇḍit
                      • pPandit Dalsukh D. Malvania
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                      • qQur’an
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                      • tTabla
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                      • vVāhana
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                      • vVayubhūti
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                      • vVedanīya-karma
                      • vVegetarianism
                      • vVehicle
                      • vVernacular
                      • vVerso
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                      • vVihāra
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                      • vVikrama-saṃvat
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                      • vVinaya
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                      • vVizier
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                      • vVow
                      • vVrata
                      • vVS
                      • vVyakta
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                      • yYakṣa
                      • yYakṣī
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                      • yYaśoda
                      • yYaśovijaya
                      • yYati
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                      • yYoga
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                      Related Article
                      • Jain calendar
                      • Karma
                      Related Manuscripts
                      Tattva-bodha-prakaraṇa (Or. 2112 ms. B)

                      The British Library Board Or. 2112 ms. B Haribhadra perhaps 15th century

                      Śrāddhavidhi-viniścaya (Or. 2120 ms. B)

                      The British Library Board Or. 2120 ms. B Harṣabhūṣaṇa-gaṇi perhaps 15th to 16th centuries

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