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Home  » Manuscript Home » Triṣaṣṭi-śalākā-puruṣa-caritra (Beta 1689) » Text

Triṣaṣṭi-śalākā-puruṣa-caritra (Beta 1689)

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Abhidhāna-cintāmaṇi with Nāmasāroddhāra commentary (Or. 13806)

Aḍhāī-dvīpa

Aḍhāī-dvīpa (069.001)

Aḍhāī-dvīpa (575181i)

Aḍhāī-dvīpa (Add. Or. 1812)

Aḍhāī-dvīpa (Add. Or. 1813)

Aḍhāī-dvīpa (Add. Or. 1814)

Aḍhāī-dvīpa (Circ. 91-1970)

Aḍhāī-dvīpa (IS 6565)

Aḍhāī-dvīpa (Or. 13294)

Aḍhāī-dvīpa (Or. 13937)

Ādityavāra-kathā (Or. 14290)

Āvaśyaka-niryukti (Or. 13550)

Āvaśyaka-niryukti (Or. 13786)

Āvaśyaka-niryukti (Or. 2105 ms. C)

Text starts – Ṛṣabha meditating

Bhaktāmara-stotra (Or. 13478)

Bhaktāmara-stotra (Or. 13741)

Br̥haccūrṇivyākhyā (Or. 1386)

Caturviṃśati-stava (Or. 13623)

Cosmic man (Or. 13974)

Ḍholā-Marū and Madhavanala kī copaī (Or. 14687)

Fragments of Jain manuscripts (Or. 13950)

Jambū-dvīpa-prajnapti-sūtra (MS. Ind. Inst. Sansk. 109)

Jasahara-cariu (Beta 1471)

Jina images (Add. 26519)

Jīta-kalpa-sūtra (Or. 1385)

Jnātadharma-kathā (Prakrit d. 4)

Kālakācārya-kathā (Beta 365)

Kālakācārya-kathā (Or. 13475)

Kalpa-sūtra (Gamma 453)

Śakra’s thoughts

Kalpa-sūtra (IM 06-1931)

Text

Kalpa-sūtra (IM 07-1931)

Birth of Mahāvīra

Kalpa-sūtra (IM 08-1931)

Text

Kalpa-sūtra (IM 09-1931)

Nemi decides not to marry

Kalpa-sūtra (IM 10-1931)

Mahāvīra plucks out his hair

Kalpa-sūtra (IM 11-1931)

A Jina’s omniscience and preaching

Kalpa-sūtra (IM 12-1931)

Text

Kalpa-sūtra (IM 161-1914)

Kalpa-sūtra (IS 46-1959)

Text

Kalpa-sūtra (IS 83-1963)

Section on Mahāvīra

Kalpa-sūtra (IS 84-1963)

Auto Draft

Kalpa-sūtra (Or. 11921)

Kalpa-sūtra (Or. 12744)

Section on Mahāvīra

Kalpa-sūtra (Or. 13341)

Section on Mahāvīra

Kalpa-sūtra (Or. 13342)

First page – floral decoration

Kalpa-sūtra (Or. 13700)

Kalpa-sūtra (Or. 13959)

Auto Draft

Kalpa-sūtra (Or. 14262)

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Kalpa-sūtra (Or. 5149)

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Kalpa-sūtra and Kālakācārya-kathā (I.O. San. 3177)

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Kalpa-sūtra and Kālakācārya-kathā (Tod MS 34)

Blank first page of Kalpa-sūtra

Kalpa-sūtra with Gujarati commentary (Or. 13701)

Auto Draft

Kalpa-sūtra with Sanskrit commentary (Gamma 3)

First page with library stamps

Kalpa-sūtra with Sanskrit glosses (Or. 13455)

Auto Draft

Karma-kāṇḍa with Persian commentary (MS. Wilson 262)

Laghu-kṣetra-samāsa with Gujarāti commentary (Add. 26374)

Homage to Sarasvatī

Līlāvatī (Or. 13457)

Last page – colophon

Mahāniśītha-sūtra (Prakrit d. 18)

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Mandala with 24 Jinas (Or. 13472)

Manuscript cover of the 14 dreams

Manuscript cover (IS 20-1978)

Fourteen auspicious dreams

Manuscript cover (IS 50-1983)

Head of a man surrounded by text

Medicine and karma (Beta 1469)

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Personification of a planet (Circ. 325-1972)

Personification of a planet

Personification of a planet (Circ. 326-1972)

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Praśnottara or Dharma-ratnākara (Or. 2136 ms. B)

Sanskrit hymn in 25 stanzas

Ratnākara-panca-viṃśatikā (Or. 15633/197)

Blank first page of Śālibhadra-caupaī

Śālibhadra-caupaī (Or. 13524)

Auto Draft

Saṃgrahaṇī and Karma-granthas (Or. 2137 ms. B)

Blank page – British Library stamp

Saṃgrahaṇī-ratna - Dharmameru's commentary (Or. 13456)

Seven armies of the Bhavanavāsin king

Saṃgrahaṇī-ratna (IS 2-1984)

Opening page – floral decoration

Saṃgrahaṇī-ratna (Or. 13454)

Saṃgrahaṇī-ratna or Trailokyadīpikā (IS 35-1971)

Saṃgrahaṇī-ratna with Gujarati commentary (Or. 2116 ms. C)

Palm of the hand

Sāmudrika-śāstra (Add. 26,461)

First page with peacocks

Ṣaṣṭiśataka with Sanskrit commentary (Or. 13179)

Seven Chakras of the Subtle Body

Seven Chakras of the Subtle Body (Circ. 321-1972)

Siddhāntālāpaka (Or. 2137 ms. A)

Snakes and ladders

Snakes and ladders (Circ. 324-1972)

Śrāddhavidhi-viniścaya (Or. 2120 ms. B)

Modern page – shelfmark and provenance

Śrīpāla-kathā (Or. 2126 ms. A)

Auto Draft

Śrīpāla-rāsa and Gujarati commentary (Or. 13622)

Sūri-mantra-paṭa (065.001)

Tattva-bodha-prakaraṇa (Or. 2112 ms. B)

Paper manuscript cover

Triṣaṣṭi-śalākā-puruṣa-caritra (Beta 1689)

A universal gathering and monastic discipline

Uttarādhyayana-sūtra (IS 2-1972)

Auto Draft

Uttarādhyayana-sūtra (Or. 13362)

Indrabhūti Gautama

Uttarādhyayana-sūtra (Or. 13476)

Final colophon

Uttarādhyayana-sūtra (Prakrit c.1)

Victory banner

Victory banner (IM 89-1936)

Vijñapti-patra (Or. 16192)

Title page

Vītarāga-stotra with commentary (MS. Sansk. d. 317)

Viveka-vilāsa (Or. 2136 ms. A)

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Yati-pratikramaṇa with commentary (MS. Sansk. d. 310)

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Background

Written in Sanskrit verses in the 12th century by the scholar monk Hemacandra, the Triṣaṣṭi-śalākā-puruṣa-caritra – Lives of the 63 Illustrious Great Men – is a key Śvetāmbara work. It is the standard version of the legends of the 24 Jinas, 12 Cakravartins, 9 Bala-devas, 9 Vāsu-devas and 9 Prativāsu-devas. Ten books long, it is a large epic comparable to the Hindu Purāṇas in its perspective. 

There are manuscripts comprising copies of all ten books. Some of these books, however, have an independent life. The best-known instances are the first one, which tells the life of the first Jina, Ṛṣabha, and the last one, which recounts the life of the last Jina, Mahāvīra. The seventh book, which provides what can be called a Jain Rāmāyaṇa, also forms a unit of its own. This is the text found in this manuscript.

Several Jain authors have given their version of the Jain Rāmāyaṇa in Prakrit or Sanskrit since the beginning of the common era. The originality of the Jain Rāmāyaṇa is that all the main heroes of the epic are integrated within the frame of Jain mythology – what Western scholars call 'Universal History'. In Hemacandra’s words, it starts:

Herein are related the lives of Baladeva Padma, of Viṣṇu Nārāyaṇa, and of Prativiṣṇu Rāvaṇa, whose births took place in the congregation of Śrī Suvrata Svāmin whose complexion was the color of antimony, the moon of the Hari-line

Johnson 

1954, page 107

The introduction underlines the following points about the Jain Rāmāyaṇa:

  • the heroes are contemporaries of Munisuvrata, the 20th Jina
  • the main heroes are connected with the last three groups of the illustrious men of Jain mythology since Rāma is a Baladeva, Lakṣmaṇa a Vāsudeva and Rāvaṇa a Prativāsudeva
  • Rāvaṇa’s main enemy is Lakṣmaṇa, not Rāma as in the Hindu Rāmāyaṇa, and since Lakṣmaṇa is the one who kills Rāma he and Rāvaṇa form a pair of enemies
  • Rāma is known as Padma, which is visible in the titles of many Jain Rāmāyaṇas, such as the first known version, the Prakrit-language Pauma-cariya by Vimala-sūri, the Sanskrit Padma-carita and the Pauma-cariu in Apabhraṃśa.

Beside these main points, other specific features about the Jain Rāmāyaṇa are that:

  • the rākṣasas are not demons or ogres, but are vidyādharas – figures with magic powers – who can be converted to Jain teachings
  • all the heroes are subject to the principle of rebirth
  • the authors of several versions attack the inconsistencies, fantasies or irrationalities in the legends of the Rāmāyaṇas that 'others' have written in prologues given a rather ironical tone
  • episodes implying murder, violenceand so on are either suppressed or transformed.

The result is that Jain Rāmāyaṇas are manifestos of Jainism through both the ways in which the stories are told and the discussions of Jain principles inserted in the tales. Since the heroes are Jain devotees or observe Jain ethical principles, the atmosphere is totally different from the Hindu Rāmāyaṇas.

In this manuscript Hemacandra’s Jaina Rāmāyaṇa is divided into ten chapters as follows:

Chapters of Hemacandra’s Jaina Rāmāyaṇa

Chapter number

Chapter title

Ends on this manuscript page

1

Origin of the rākṣasas’ lineage and of the monkeys’ lineage

6 verso

2

Rāvaṇa’s expedition of conquest

27 verso

3

Hanuman’s birth and Varuṇa’s subjection

35 verso

4

The birth, marriage and retreat to the forest of Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa

53 recto

5

The kidnapping of Sītā

68 verso

6

Bringing news of Sītā

82 verso

7

The killing of Rāvaṇa

96 recto

8

The abandonment of Sītā

107 verso

9

Sītā’s purification and taking of the vow

115 verso

10

Rāma’s emancipation

124 verso

Glossary

    • Source:

      Wellcome Trust Library

    • Shelfmark:

      Beta 1689

    • Author:

      Hemacandra

    • Date of creation:

      1601

    • Folio number:

      80 verso

    • Total number of folios:

      124

    • Place of creation:

      Piṇḍīnagara, north India

    • Language:

      Sanskrit

    • Medium:

      paper

    • Size:

      25 x 10.5 cm

    • Copyright:

      Wellcome Library, London

    • Image Copyright:

      Creative Commons Public Domain

    Triṣaṣṭi-śalākā-puruṣa-caritra (Beta 1689)

    Text

    • Source:

      Wellcome Trust Library

    • Shelfmark:

      Beta 1689

    • Author:

      Hemacandra

    • Date of creation:

      1601

    • Folio number:

      80 verso

    • Total number of folios:

      124

    • Place of creation:

      Piṇḍīnagara, north India

    • Language:

      Sanskrit

    • Medium:

      paper

    • Size:

      25 x 10.5 cm

    • Copyright:

      Wellcome Library, London

    • Image Copyright:

      Creative Commons Public Domain

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    Please consider the environment before printing
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      • eEast India Company
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      • mMysticism
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      • nNasalisation
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      • nNavrātrī
      • nNaya-vāda
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      • nniggaṃthāṇa vā 2
      • nniggaṃtho vā 2
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      • nNiyati
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      • oOcean of milk
      • oOmniscience
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      • ppa°
      • pPadmaprabha
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      • pPratyakṣa
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      • pPuṇya
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      • qQur’an
      • rRāga
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      • sSaciyā Mātā
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      • tTabla
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      • tThree worlds
      • %Ṭīkā
      • tTilaka
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      • tTīrthaṃkaranāma-karman
      • tTīrthankara
      • tTransliteration
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      • tTriṣaṣṭi-śalākā-puruṣa-caritra
      • tTti bemi
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      • uUdumbara
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      • vVāhana
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