Background
The Kālakācārya-kathā – 'story of the religious teacher Kālaka' – emphasises the connection between religious practice and magical abilities. As an accomplished Jain teacher, Kālaka can master various magical sciences and transmute brick into gold. He uses his powers to help the Śakas, a foreign population. In exchange, the Śakas help him destroy the wicked king Gardabhilla.
This eventful tale belongs to the Śvetāmbara Jain tradition. It is known in several versions in various languages and is often illustrated.
The story is frequently found as an appendix to the Kalpa-sūtra because the last part of the story explains how Kālaka changed the date of Paryuṣaṇ. This annual festival was moved from the fifth day of the bright half of the month Bhādrapada – roughly equivalent to August to September – to the fourth. The Kalpa-sūtra has a central role in Paryuṣaṇ.
The version of the story here is that of Bhāvadeva-sūri, a Jain Śvetāmbara author of the 13th century CE. It is written in Jaina Māhārāṣṭrī Prakrit and represents a short recension, where the story is told in simple language without poetical embellishments.
Transcription
This recto page contains information about the author before the colophon, which is not necessarily the author’s creation. It is mostly written by the scribes who copy texts. Sanskrit is often the language of colophons, even when the language of the work is different, which is the case here.
Author information
The last verse of the text is verse 99, on lines 6 to 7. It is written in the same language as the rest of the text – Jaina Māhārāṣṭrī Prakrit – by the author. It reads:
6: tāṇa Kālagasūrīṇa vaṃsuppanneṇa nimmiyā / sūriṇā Bhāva-
7: deveṇa / esā saṃkheveo kahā //99//
Colophon
The colophon starts on the final line and continues on the other side of the folio. It reads:
12 recto line 7: iti śrīKālikācāryakathānakaṃ saṃ-
[12 verso line 1: pūrṇaṃ samāptaṃ // // śubhaṃ bhavatu// kalyāṇam astu: // śrīr astu: // // ccha.]
Translation
This recto page contains information about the author before the colophon, which is not necessarily the author’s creation. It is mostly written by the scribes who copy texts. Sanskrit is often the language of colophons, even when the language of the work is different, which is the case here.
Author information
The last verse of the text is verse 99, on lines 6 to 7. It is written in the same language as the rest of the text – Jaina Māhārāṣṭrī Prakrit – by the author. It means:
This story with the origin of the [monastic] lineage of the teacher Kālaka has been composed in short by the teacher Bhāvadeva.
The name of the author and the mention of the version are significant.
The author Bhāvadeva-sūri is a Śvetāmbara Jain monk who lived in the 13th century. He wrote literary works in Sanskrit and Prakrit.
This is a condensed version of the work. Thus the author indirectly acknowledges the existence of longer stories about Kālaka composed by earlier writers.
Colophon
The colophon starts on the final line of the previous page and continues on this page of the folio. It means:
Thus the story of Kālikācārya [variant spelling of Kālakācārya] is completed, is finished// // May there be good! May there be welfare! May there be prosperity. ccha
This kind of wish for good fortune is extremely common. It is addressed to the reader or any person who will have the manuscript in his hands.
What is transcribed as ccha is a letter symbol found at the end of chapters or at the end of works. It indicates that the chapter or the work is finished.
Glossary
Description
In Jain manuscripts, as in other Indian manuscripts, the end is the place to look for information on the title of the work, the author, the date of composition and so on. This is the case here, although no date is given.
The closing phrases of the text continue over the verso side of this folio.
This page contains information about the author before the colophon.
Other visual elements
There are several notable things about this page, including that the original paper is slightly torn and has water stains.
This version of the Kālaka story is in verse, with numbers at the end of each stanza, often between two vertical lines, like here. On this page they are:
- 95 at the end of line 1
- 96 at the beginning of line 3
- 97 in the middle of line 4
- 99 in the middle of line 7.
The three red circles along the central horizontal plane are symbolic reminders of the way in which manuscripts were bound when they were on palm-leaf. Here the central one is in a square blank shape. Strings through three holes were used to thread together the loose folios so the reader could turn them over easily. The circles are in the places where the holes would once have been.
Script
The elaborate script is the Jaina Devanāgarī script, in a form which recalls calligraphy. It is used for writing numerous Indian languages, here Prakrit.
There are a few notable features of this script:
- it is an old type in the way the sounds e and o are notated when used with a consonant, known as pṛṣṭhamātrā script
- the red vertical lines within the text divide the long sentences into smaller parts, but are not necessarily punctuation marks.
- Source:
Wellcome Trust Library
- Shelfmark:
Beta 365
- Author:
Bhāvadeva-sūri
- Date of creation:
probably 15th to 16th centuries
- Folio number:
12 recto
- Total number of folios:
12
- Place of creation:
western India
- Language:
Māhārāstri Jaina Prākrit
- Medium:
watercolour on paper
- Size:
28 x 11 cm
- Copyright:
Wellcome Library, London
- Image Copyright:
- +
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- sSuyam me ausam! Tenam bhagavaya evamakkhayam
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- tThe Enlightenment
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- %Ṭīkā
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- tTti bemi
- tTughlaq
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- vVerso
- vVidyā
- vVidyā-devī
- vVihāra
- vVijñapti-patra
- vVikrama-saṃvat
- vVikṛti
- vVimala
- vVinaya
- vVipāka
- vVirji Vora
- vVirodhaja
- vVīrya
- vVisarga
- vViṣṇu
- vVītarāga
- vVizier
- vVotive
- vVow
- vVrata
- vVS
- vVyakta
- vVyantara
- vVyasana
- yYakṣa
- yYakṣī
- yYantra
- yYaśoda
- yYaśovijaya
- yYati
- yYātrā
- yYoga
- yYoginī
- yYojana
Description
In Jain manuscripts, as in other Indian manuscripts, the end is the place to look for information on the title of the work, the author, the date of composition and so on. This is the case here, although no date is given.
The closing phrases of the text continue over the verso side of this folio.
This page contains information about the author before the colophon.
Other visual elements
There are several notable things about this page, including that the original paper is slightly torn and has water stains.
This version of the Kālaka story is in verse, with numbers at the end of each stanza, often between two vertical lines, like here. On this page they are:
- 95 at the end of line 1
- 96 at the beginning of line 3
- 97 in the middle of line 4
- 99 in the middle of line 7.
The three red circles along the central horizontal plane are symbolic reminders of the way in which manuscripts were bound when they were on palm-leaf. Here the central one is in a square blank shape. Strings through three holes were used to thread together the loose folios so the reader could turn them over easily. The circles are in the places where the holes would once have been.
Script
The elaborate script is the Jaina Devanāgarī script, in a form which recalls calligraphy. It is used for writing numerous Indian languages, here Prakrit.
There are a few notable features of this script:
- it is an old type in the way the sounds e and o are notated when used with a consonant, known as pṛṣṭhamātrā script
- the red vertical lines within the text divide the long sentences into smaller parts, but are not necessarily punctuation marks.