Background
The abstract concept of achieving omniscience is usually represented by illustrations of the event of the samavasaraṇa. This word, which means 'universal gathering', refers both to an architectural structure and to the meeting itself. The structure has three walls, with four entrances in each of the four cardinal directions. The circular shape, seen here, is the most common one. A less frequent variant is the square shape.
The universal gathering is the quintessence of the universe, in which the various beings of human, gods and animals each have a particular place. The Jina sits at the centre, where his speech can be heard in all directions by all beings who carefully and respectfully listen to him. He can deliver his teaching only after reaching omniscience. This is why this notion is represented by the samavasaraṇa.
In depictions of the universal gathering, people enter the doorways to pay homage to the Jina. It is common to show animals that are normally enemies peacefully listening in pairs to the Jina’s teaching.
This is a standard representation of a Jina in Śvetāmbara Jain art. A Jina is always shown in meditation, either standing or sitting, like here. Among the Śvetāmbaras, the Jina is thought of as a spiritual king and is often depicted with ornaments and on a throne.
The Kalpa-sūtra is the most frequently illustrated Jain text of the Śvetāmbara sect. It is read and recited by monks in the festival of Paryuṣaṇ, which takes place in August to September each year.
The first part of the Kalpa-sūtra deals with the lives of the Jinas, especially Mahāvīra, Pārśva, Nemi and Ṛṣabha. It features almost identical stories of their births, lives as princes, renunciation, enlightenment and emancipation.
The second part – Sthavirāvali – is a praise of the early teachers of Jainism. The third part – Sāmācārī – deals with particular monastic rules to be followed during the rainy season.
This manuscript also contains a version of the story of Kālaka, which follows the Kalpa-sūtra. Written in 1434 CE, the manuscript belongs to the early phase of Jain miniature painting.
Glossary
Description
A golden Jina takes the lotus position of meditation on a throne in the middle of a triple-walled shape with entries in the four cardinal directions. At the corners of the painting are pairs of various animals and birds.
This is a depiction of the universal gathering. When each of the Jinas attain enlightenment, the gods build a magnificent triple-walled preaching hall for each one, with passages from all four directions leading to the centre. The Jina sits at the heart of the preaching hall, where he preaches to all beings in the concept of the universal gathering of gods, men and animals. Pairs of animals that are usually natural enemies come together in peace to listen, symbolising the serenity of the universal gathering.
This picture does not illustrate a story. Instead, it symbolises Jain teaching and thus is a suitable representation of the facing text, which is the last paragraphs of the Kalpa-sūtra.
Other visual elements
As with many Kalpa-sūtra manuscripts, there is a clear intention to make the manuscript a valuable and remarkable object in itself. This aim is signalled by:
- the shape and style of the script, which is close to calligraphy
- the coloured background for the text instead of the ordinary colour of the paper
- the white ink instead of the standard black ink for the writing
- the profusion of gold in the painting
- the intricately decorated red borders around the text and the picture
- the division of the text into two parts by a central border of geometric red shapes.
The two red circles along the central horizontal plane are symbolic reminders of the way in which manuscripts were bound at one time. Strings through three holes in the paper were used to thread together the loose folios so the reader could turn them over easily. The circles and the detailed square in the centre are in the places where the holes would once have been.
The circle on the right has the page number in black inside.
Script
The elaborate script used for the main text is the Jaina Devanāgarī script, in a form which recalls calligraphy. It is used for writing numerous Indian languages, here for Prakrit.
Note that this script is an old type in the way the sounds e and o are notated when used with a consonant. It is known as pṛṣṭhamātrā script.
- Source:
The British Library Board
- Shelfmark:
I.O. San. 3177
- Author:
unknown
- Date of creation:
1437
- Folio number:
111 verso
- Total number of folios:
155
- Place of creation:
Patan, Gujarat
- Language:
Ardhamāgadhī Prākrit in Devanāgarī script
- Medium:
opaque watercolour and gold on coloured paper
- Size:
29 x 9 cms
- Copyright:
CC0 1.0 (Creative Commons Public Domain)
- Image Copyright:
- +
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Description
A golden Jina takes the lotus position of meditation on a throne in the middle of a triple-walled shape with entries in the four cardinal directions. At the corners of the painting are pairs of various animals and birds.
This is a depiction of the universal gathering. When each of the Jinas attain enlightenment, the gods build a magnificent triple-walled preaching hall for each one, with passages from all four directions leading to the centre. The Jina sits at the heart of the preaching hall, where he preaches to all beings in the concept of the universal gathering of gods, men and animals. Pairs of animals that are usually natural enemies come together in peace to listen, symbolising the serenity of the universal gathering.
This picture does not illustrate a story. Instead, it symbolises Jain teaching and thus is a suitable representation of the facing text, which is the last paragraphs of the Kalpa-sūtra.
Other visual elements
As with many Kalpa-sūtra manuscripts, there is a clear intention to make the manuscript a valuable and remarkable object in itself. This aim is signalled by:
- the shape and style of the script, which is close to calligraphy
- the coloured background for the text instead of the ordinary colour of the paper
- the white ink instead of the standard black ink for the writing
- the profusion of gold in the painting
- the intricately decorated red borders around the text and the picture
- the division of the text into two parts by a central border of geometric red shapes.
The two red circles along the central horizontal plane are symbolic reminders of the way in which manuscripts were bound at one time. Strings through three holes in the paper were used to thread together the loose folios so the reader could turn them over easily. The circles and the detailed square in the centre are in the places where the holes would once have been.
The circle on the right has the page number in black inside.
Script
The elaborate script used for the main text is the Jaina Devanāgarī script, in a form which recalls calligraphy. It is used for writing numerous Indian languages, here for Prakrit.
Note that this script is an old type in the way the sounds e and o are notated when used with a consonant. It is known as pṛṣṭhamātrā script.