Background
The Kālakācārya-kathā – Story of the religious teacher Kālaka – emphasises the connection between religious practice and magical abilities. As an accomplished Jain teacher, Kālaka can master various magical sciences and transmute brick into gold. He uses his powers to help the Śakas, a foreign population. In exchange, the Śakas help him destroy the wicked king, Gardabhilla.
This eventful tale belongs to the Śvetāmbara Jain tradition. It is known in several versions in various languages and is often illustrated.
The Story of Kālaka is frequently found as an appendix to the Kalpa-sūtra because the last part of the story explains how Kālaka changed the date of Paryuṣaṇ. This annual festival was moved from the fifth day of the bright half of the month Bhādrapada – roughly equivalent to August to September – to the fourth. The Kalpa-sūtra has a central role in Paryuṣaṇ.
The version of the story here is that of Bhāvadeva-sūri, a Śvetāmbara author of the 13th century CE. It is written in Jaina Māhārāṣṭrī Prakrit and represents a short recension, where the story is told in simple language without poetical embellishments.
This manuscript, designated as ‘r’, is one of those used by W. Norman Brown for his 1933 critical edition of this version of the story (87–92).
Transcription
End of text proper
1. [phu]raī sāmi kali-kala-kas’ovale //97// a-tullā jassa kallāṇa-rehā tass’ atthu te namo / evaṃ thu-
2. ṇittu vaṃdittā Sakko ṭhāṇaṃ niyaṃ gao //98 iya vikkhāya-māhappo vayaṃ pālittu nimmalaṃ / pa-
3. tto Kālaga-sūrī vi vihiyāṇasaṇo divaṃ //99 vīsā hi gihi-vāse paṇatīsa vayaṃmi sūri i-
4. gayālā / channavaī savvāo siri-Kālaga-sūriṇo hoi //100 tāṇa Kālaga-sūrīṇa vaṃs’-uppanne-
5. ṇa nimmiyā / sūriṇā Bhāvadeveṇa esā saṃkhevao kahā // 101
Colophon
iti śrī-Bhāvadeva-sūri-viracitaṃ
6. śrī-Kālikācārya-kathānakaṃ samāptaṃ // cha //
Date
saṃvat 1461 varṣe Caitra-sudi 15 tithau likhitaṃ // cha //
7. saṃ° 1461 varṣe Caitra sudī 15 titho laṣo che.
The text of the story is in Jaina Māhārāṣṭrī Prakrit but the colophon, which contains the title of the work, the author’s name and the date, is in Sanskrit. Then the date is given again in a sentence written in Gujarati by a more modern hand.
Translation
End of text proper
'The Lord shines, standing the test of difficult times [literally ‘at the touchstone of the Kali era’]. Homage to you who have an incomparable lustre [procured by] merits’. Having praised [Kālakācārya] and paid homage to him in this way[, the god] Śakra went back to his place of residence. On the other hand, after having observed the vows with purity, the pontiff Kālaka, whose greatness was now known to all, practised fasting unto death and went to the world of gods. The total life-span of the pontiff Kālaka was 96: 20 as a householder, 35 in the vows, and 41 as a pontiff. This story has been concisely narrated by the pontiff Bhāvadeva born from the [monastic] lineage of this pontiff Kālaka.
Colophon
Thus is the story of the teacher Kālaka composed by Bhāvadeva-sūri.
Date
Copied on the 15th lunar day of the bright half of the month of Caitra [= April] in the year 1461 of the Vikrama era [= 1404 CE].
Glossary
Description
There is no illustration on this page, which contains stanzas 97 to 101 of the Kālakācārya-kathā – Story of the Monk Kalaka. These verses form the end of the manuscript text and are followed by the colophon.
Other visual elements
The Kālaka story is often an appendix to Kalpa-sūtra manuscripts. In many manuscripts of these two texts, there is a clear intention to make the manuscript a valuable and remarkable object in itself. Here this is achieved in a rather modest manner. This aim is signalled by the:
- ornamental motif in the central margin
- calligraphic script.
This manuscript belongs to a rather early phase of Kalpa-sūtra paper manuscripts, the beginning of the 15th century. This is evidenced by the:
- format of the paper, which is rather narrow
- old system of folio numbering, using 'letter-numerals', which is found in the left-hand margins of the verso sides.
This version of the Kālaka story is told in poetry. Verse numbers are at the end of each stanza. Here they are in black, like the rest of the text, and slightly emphasised with light red powder. On this page are the following numbers:
- 97 in the first half of line 1
- 98 in the middle of line 2
- 99 in the second half of line 3
- 100 in the second half of line 4
- 101 in the second half of line 5.
This means that this page includes the second part of verse 97 up to the end of verse 101, which corresponds to the close of the text.
The line in cursive script below the main text repeats in Gujarati the formula giving the date of copying, which is written just above in Sanskrit. This translation was probably written by the person who sold or presented the manuscript.
Script
The elaborate script is the Jaina Devanāgarī script, in a form which recalls calligraphy. It is used for writing numerous Indian languages, here for Ardhamāgadhī Prakrit and Sanskrit.
- Source:
Royal Asiatic Society
- Shelfmark:
Tod MS 34
- Author:
unknown author / Bhavadeva-sūri
- Date of creation:
1404
- Folio number:
112 recto
- Total number of folios:
97 folios, numbered 16 to 112, with 1–15 missing
- Place of creation:
western India
- Language:
Prakrit and Sanskrit
- Medium:
ink and watercolour on paper
- Size:
32.5 x 9.4 cm
- Copyright:
Royal Asiatic Society Images/RAS, London
- Image Copyright:
- +
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- uUtsarpiṇī
- uUttarādhyayana-sūtra
- vVāhana
- vVaimānika
- vVairāgya
- vVaiṣṇava
- vVaiśramaṇa
- vVaiśya
- vValabhī
- vVanaspatikāya
- vVandana
- vVaṇik
- vVarṇa
- vVāsudeva
- vVāsupūjya
- vVayubhūti
- vVeda
- vVedanīya-karma
- vVegetarianism
- vVehicle
- vVernacular
- vVerso
- vVidyā
- vVidyā-devī
- vVihāra
- vVijñapti-patra
- vVikrama-saṃvat
- vVikṛti
- vVimala
- vVinaya
- vVipāka
- vVirji Vora
- vVirodhaja
- vVīrya
- vVisarga
- vViṣṇu
- vVītarāga
- vVizier
- vVotive
- vVow
- vVrata
- vVS
- vVyakta
- vVyantara
- vVyasana
- yYakṣa
- yYakṣī
- yYantra
- yYaśoda
- yYaśovijaya
- yYati
- yYātrā
- yYoga
- yYoginī
- yYojana
Description
There is no illustration on this page, which contains stanzas 97 to 101 of the Kālakācārya-kathā – Story of the Monk Kalaka. These verses form the end of the manuscript text and are followed by the colophon.
Other visual elements
The Kālaka story is often an appendix to Kalpa-sūtra manuscripts. In many manuscripts of these two texts, there is a clear intention to make the manuscript a valuable and remarkable object in itself. Here this is achieved in a rather modest manner. This aim is signalled by the:
- ornamental motif in the central margin
- calligraphic script.
This manuscript belongs to a rather early phase of Kalpa-sūtra paper manuscripts, the beginning of the 15th century. This is evidenced by the:
- format of the paper, which is rather narrow
- old system of folio numbering, using ‘letter-numerals’, which is found in the left-hand margins of the verso sides.
This version of the Kālaka story is told in poetry. Verse numbers are at the end of each stanza. Here they are in black, like the rest of the text, and slightly emphasised with light red powder. On this page are the following numbers:
- 97 in the first half of line 1
- 98 in the middle of line 2
- 99 in the second half of line 3
- 100 in the second half of line 4
- 101 in the second half of line 5.
This means that this page includes the second part of verse 97 up to the end of verse 101, which corresponds to the close of the text.
The line in cursive script below the main text repeats in Gujarati the formula giving the date of copying, which is written just above in Sanskrit. This translation was probably written by the person who sold or presented the manuscript.
Script
The elaborate script is the Jaina Devanāgarī script, in a form which recalls calligraphy. It is used for writing numerous Indian languages, here for Ardhamāgadhī Prakrit and Sanskrit.