Background
Transcription
Text of the colophon
1. saṃvat 1645 vṛṣe Mārggaśīṣa-māsa-śukla-pakṣe 9 tithau 2. ravau vāsare // Navānagara-grāme sāha-Dhannā / sāha-Jayamalla sāha-Mādhava sāha-Jodhā sāha-Jasū sāha-Vacharāja-pramuṣa-pu 3. tra-pautrādi-sa-parivāreṇa laṣāpitaṃ // śrīJñātādharmmakathā-saṃpūrṇṇṇa-samāptāni // atha śrīSudharmasvāmi-paṭṭe Jaṃbūsvāmī tad-anu- 4. rameṇa śrīCandrasūrir abhavat tasmin Candrakule śrīVidhipakṣa-gacche bhaṭṭāraka-śrī5śrīSumatisāgara-sūrisvara tat-paṭṭe-śrī5śrīGaja- 5. sāgara-sūrīsvara tat-sīkṣa-paṃ5śrīLalitasāgara tat-sīkṣa-ṛ°Māṇikyasāgara-paṭhanārthaṃ //cha// /śrī// //śrī// //74// // 6. grathāgra-saṃkhyā // 5464// jñātavyaṃ// //cha// //cha// // // śrī // cha// cha// //śrī// // śrīgurubhyo namaḥ //cha//://Translation
Text of the colophon
1. In the year 1645 [of the Vikrama era], in the month of Mārgaśīrṣa, in the bright fortnight, on the ninth, 2. a Sunday // In the village [of] Navānagara, Mr Dhannā, Mr Jayamalla, Mr Mādhava, Mr Jodhā, Mr Jasū, Mr Vacharāja, etc. 3. with their family, sons and grandsons got [this manuscript] to be written. The Jñātā-dharma-kathā is now completely finished. Now, in the lineage of Sudharma-svāmin, [there was] Jambū-svāmin, and progressively 4. there was Candra-sūri. In the Candrakula, in the monastic order [of] Vidhipakṣa, the monastic leader, the venerable Sumati-sāgara. In his lineage, [was] the monastic leader Gaja-sāgara. 5. [This manuscript was copied] in order to be read by the monk Māṇikya-sāgara, the pupil of the learned monk Lalita-sāgara, the pupil of Gaja-sāgara. //cha// prosperity // //prosperity// //74// 6. The number of grantha units should be known as being 5464// cha// // cha// prosperity// cha// cha// prosperity// homage to the teacher// cha//Comments
This is the traditional and complete way of giving the date, in the Vikrama era. It is equivalent to 1589 CE. Navānagara, the place name, has yet to be identified. All the proper names in line 2 refer to merchants or businessmen. The term sāha is a title, which is the ancestor of the common modern surname Shah. Here what the text means is that several lay men in the same family jointly paid for the copying of this manuscript. In this case, no female member of the family is involved in the process. Vidhipakṣa is another name of the Śvetāmbara monastic order known as Añcala-gaccha. Closely associated with the region of Kutch in Gujarat, this is a centrally organised monastic order headed by a pontiff with the title of sūri, sūrīśvara or bhaṭṭāraka. Sumatisāgara-sūri and the three other monks named here appear together in other manuscript colophons as well.Glossary
Description
- Source:
Bodleian Libraries, University of Oxford
- Shelfmark:
Prakrit d. 4
- Author:
unknown
- Date of creation:
1589
- Folio number:
114 recto
- Total number of folios:
114
- Place of creation:
western India
- Language:
Ardhamāgadhī Prākrit
- Medium:
ink on paper
- Size:
26 x 11 c
- Copyright:
Bodleian Libraries, University of Oxford
- Image Copyright:
- +
- aAbhavya
- aAbhinandana
- aAbhiṣeka
- aĀcāra
- aĀcārāṅga-sūtra
- aĀcārya
- aAchalbhrata
- aAḍhāī-dvīpa
- aAdharma
- aAdho-loka
- aAdhyayana
- aAdvaita Vedānta
- aĀgama
- aAghātīya
- aAghātīya-karman
- aAgnibhuti
- aAgra
- aĀhāra
- aAhiṃsā
- aAhimsa Day
- aAjita
- aAjīva
- aAkampit
- aĀkāśa
- aAkbar the Great
- aAkṣaya-tṛtīyā
- aAlauddin Khalji
- aAlbert Einstein
- aAllah
- aAlms
- aĀlocanā
- aAloka-ākāśa
- aAmāri
- aAmbikā or Kūṣmāṇḍinī
- aAnagāra
- aAnanta
- aAnarthadaṇḍa
- aAnaśana
- aAnekānta-vāda
- aAṅga
- aAniconism
- aAnojjā
- aAntarāla
- aAntarāya-karma
- aAṇu
- aAṇu-vrata
- aAnukampā
- aAnuprekṣā
- aAnusvāra
- aApabhraṃśa
- aAparigraha
- aAra
- aĀrambha
- aĀrambhaja
- aĀratī
- aArdhamāgadhī Prākrit
- aArhaṃ
- aArhat
- aArśana-āvaraṇīya-karma
- aĀrta-dhyāna
- aĀryikā
- aĀryikā Jñānamati
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- aĀtman
- aAuṃ
- aAurangzeb
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- eEschatology
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- fFarmān
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- kKāla
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- mMahā-videha
- mMahā-vrata
- mMahābhārata
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- mMāhārāṣṭrī Prākrit
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- mMahāvīr Jayantī
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- nNandivardhana
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- nNāraki
- nNasalisation
- nNātha
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- nNaya-vāda
- nNemi
- nNidāna
- nniggaṃthāṇa vā 2
- nniggaṃtho vā 2
- nNigoda
- nNihnava
- nNikṣepa
- nNirgrantha
- nNirjarā
- nNirvāṇa
- nNiryukti
- nNiṣidhi
- nNitya
- nNiyati
- nNo-kaṣāya
- nNudity
- nNun
- oOcean of milk
- oOmniscience
- oOrdination
- ppa°
- pPadmaprabha
- pPadmāsana
- pPadmāvatī
- pPādukā
- pPalanquin
- pPalette
- pPañca-muṣṭi
- pPāṇḍava
- pPaṇḍit
- pPandit Dalsukh D. Malvania
- pPandit Sukhlalji
- pPāṇipātra
- pPāpa
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- pParameṣṭhin
- pPāraṇā
- pParigraha
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- pParīṣaha
- pParokṣa
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- pParyāya
- pParyuṣaṇ
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- rRainy season
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- rRājimatī
- rRajoharaṇa
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- rRāma
- rRāmāyaṇa
- rRangoli
- rRās-garbā
- rRasa
- rRathanemi
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- sSaciyā Mātā
- sSādhu
- sSādhvī
- sSāgāra
- sSaint
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- sSallekhanā
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- sSāmarambha
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- sSaṃbhava
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- %Ṣaṭ-jīvanikāya
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- sŚrī
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- sSultan
- sSumati
- sSundarśrī
- sSupārśva
- sSūri
- sSuṣamā
- sSuṣamā-duṣamā
- sSuṣamā-suṣamā
- sSūtra
- sSuyam me ausam! Tenam bhagavaya evamakkhayam
- sSvādhyāya
- sSvāhā
- sSvastika
- sŚvetāmbara
- sŚvetāmbara Terāpanthin
- sŚvetāmbaras
- sSwan
- sSyād-vāda
- tTabla
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- tTemple
- tTemple-city
- tThe Enlightenment
- tTheology
- tThree worlds
- %Ṭīkā
- tTilaka
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- tTīrthankara
- tTransliteration
- tTrasa
- tTrasa-nāḍī
- tTriśalā
- tTriṣaṣṭi-śalākā-puruṣa-caritra
- tTti bemi
- tTughlaq
- tTunk
- uUdumbara
- uUniversal History
- uUpādhyāya
- uUpāṅga
- uUpaniṣads
- uUpāsaka
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- uUpāśraya
- uŪrdhva-loka
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- vVāhana
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- vVandana
- vVaṇik
- vVarṇa
- vVāsudeva
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- vVayubhūti
- vVeda
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- vVegetarianism
- vVehicle
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- vVerso
- vVidyā
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- vVirodhaja
- vVīrya
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- vViṣṇu
- vVītarāga
- vVizier
- vVotive
- vVow
- vVrata
- vVS
- vVyakta
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- vVyasana
- yYakṣa
- yYakṣī
- yYantra
- yYaśoda
- yYaśovijaya
- yYati
- yYātrā
- yYoga
- yYoginī
- yYojana
Description
In Jain manuscripts, as in other Indian manuscripts, the end is the place to look for information on the title of the work, the author, the date of composition and so on. The colophon of the work is not necessarily the author’s creation. It is mostly written by the scribes who copy texts. Sanskrit is often the language of colophons, like here.
This colophon is an interesting example of a monastic lineage represented at several levels.
The main monastic leader is Gaja-sāgara. A monk is defined through his place in a lineage. Hence the name of his predecessor and teacher is mentioned, who is called Sumati-sāgara.
On the other hand, a monastic leader is also defined through his religious entourage. Gaja-sāgara’s entourage is represented, in hierarchical succession, by Lalita-sāgara, and by Māṇikya-sāgara. The latter is the one for whom the manuscript has been copied and is a monk of average rank, as suggested by the abbreviation ṛ, which stands for ṛṣi.
In addition, the monastic lineage is set within the larger frame of the Jain tradition of monastic teaching by the reference to Sudharma-svāmin. Sudharma is one of the 11 chief disciples of Mahāvīra. With the exception of one, all Śvetāmbara monastic lineages trace their descent from him. Also mentioned here is Jambū-svāmi, who was his pupil and who also figures in traditional monastic lineage accounts.
It is interesting to note that a large part of the section giving the monastic lineage has been written over yellow pigment. Yellow pigment is used as an eraser. This indicates that the manuscript originally had another recipient and has been reused and re-allocated to Māṇikya-sāgara. The present allocation shows the most frequent pattern in commissioning manuscript copies for a monk to read, which is when lay people club together to get a manuscript copied.
Jain monks have their official titles added to their names. These titles are also indicated by the respectful prefix śrī. These respectful terms are sometimes written more than once or implied as being repeated. The term śrī5 found in this colophon should be understood as adding the prefix śrī five times to the name, which denotes a very high level of honour.