Background
The 15th-century
Digambara poet Raidhū composed a version of one of the most important Jain
tales – the
Story of Yaśodhara. Called the
Jasahara-cariu, which means 'the story of Yaśodhara' in Apabhraṃśa
Prakrit, Raidhū’s version has the subtitle of 'having the characteristic of compassion' –
daya-lakkhaṇa. This underlines the main teaching of the story, which is a manifesto against violence of all types and a defence of
non-violence.
A story with several episodes, the tale of Yaśodhara is a good representative of
religious teaching in narrative form –
dharma-kathā. Its importance comes from the fact that it shows very clearly the working of
karma and rebirth
and refers to key concepts, such as:
- violence – hiṃsā – both factual and intentional
- desire or greediness.
Ultimately, all the protagonists become pious Jains and will be
emancipated.
The text is divided into four sections called
sandhi, which go into detail about all the rebirths that are recounted in the story within a story:
Sections of the Jasahara-cariu
Section |
Events |
1 |
- King Māridatta and the search for proper sacrificial victims
- Birth of Yaśodhara
|
2 |
- Yaśodhara's youth and death
- His son Yaśomati ascends to the throne
|
3 |
- Parallel rebirths of Yaśodhara and Candramati
|
4 |
- Last rebirth as Abhayaruci and Abhayamati
- Final conversions
|
This version of the story has not yet been published. It is known from very few manuscripts, which are all illustrated and in India. However, not a single manuscript is complete. So this one, held in the
Wellcome Trust in London, is a precious document, even though it is only the first half of the story. It is probable that the second half of the document is a manuscript originally kept in Delhi, dated 1454 CE
. It is also very likely that a single folio
in the Los Angeles County Museum of Art is part of the same manuscript (see Balbir, forthcoming).
Like other versions of the tale of Yaśodhara, Raidhū's narrative poem is a major inspiration for illustrations in Digambara
manuscripts.